Director`s Column

Avinash Kumar Agarwal

As I step into this young institute, which is looking forward to making its mark in academic and research excellence, it gives me immense pleasure to share my thoughts and future plans for the institute, in this issue of TechScape: The Science, Technology and Education Journal of IIT Jodhpur.

At the outset, I congratulate the TechScape team of the Institute Publications Committee for initiating, continuing, and sustaining the publication that serves as a window to the world of happenings in IIT Jodhpur on academic, research
and outreach activities front.

Technological innovation is absolutely fundamental when it comes to the questions of sustainable development. We are at a point in human history where we cannot envision a shared and equitable future for all without addressing the pressing environmental, social and economic challenges faced by the world. My challenge to the academic fraternity is to ask pertinent questions that can connect the technical, ecological, social, economic and historical aspects of research problems. Can we think of solutions that will address the questions of climate change by rethinking the design and development of energy-efficient built spaces and smart grids? What about sustainable agriculture that re-envisions the farming practices, genetically modified crops, irrigation systems and conservation of ecosystems, while meeting the demands for food? What are the new directions that we must pursue for innovative water management, including smart water grids, wastewater treatment, rainwater harvesting, desalination, etc.? While we explore these questions, what areour learnings from the history that we may use to chart out our future? Our local traditions and practices are a veritable treasure trove of insights on how we may pursue sustainable solutions at minimal cost and through great ingenuity, by integrating our traditional Indian knowledge system and modern technological tools.

There are no easy answers to these questions, and as researchers, easy answers are not what we expect. But we, at IIT Jodhpur, are more than just a research and academic community. As citizens of Bharat and as custodians of the nation for future generations, we must attempt to generate novel solutions. We should not underestimate the power of our contribution to the place we inhabit. Can we consciously adopt some practices like planting five indigenous trees and sustain, benefit and nourish our desert ecosystem? Can weconsider water conservation a conscious way of life, and so forth? In addition to making direct and collective efforts in propelling the institute ahead on the path of excellence, if we make these mindful choices in life, we can have a valuable influence on our students and children, by demonstratingsustainable choices and lifestyle.

Jai Hind...!! Jai Bharat...!!

Avinash Kumar Agarwal

Editorial

Debanjan Guha Roy

Dear Readers,

Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur embarks on a new chapter with the appointment of Professor Avinash Kumar Agarwal as the new Director. Professor Agarwal’s leadership promises to steer IIT Jodhpur towards new heights of academic excellence and innovative research, reinforcing our commitment to nurturing future leaders and cutting-edge technologists.

Collaborations and joint ventures remain at the core of our strategic vision. One of the most exciting developments is the inauguration of the DIA-CoE for Cutting-edge Research Technology, a collaborative initiative between IIT Jodhpur and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). This center epitomizes our dedication to advancing research in critical areas in collaboration with industry and government. Noteworthy partnerships, such as the one between IIT Jodhpur’s iHUB Drishti Foundation and the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, are pivotal in preserving India’s rich cultural heritage through innovative technological solutions. Furthermore, our joint programs in medical technologies with AIIMS Jodhpur are fostering a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship within an academic setting, bridging the gap between medical sciences and engineering.

This issue also features insightful reviews on critical topics. Articles such as “Science and Society in Linguistics” and “Securing Secrets with Light: Quantum Key Distribution and Side Channel Attacks” delve into the intricate interplay between science and society, and the forefront of cybersecurity, respectively. Another compelling read is the exploration of the “H 2 O 2 Fuel Cell: A Prospective Future Energy Alternative,” which promises a sustainable energy future, and the innovative strides in beating graphene’s universal conductivity. We are particularly excited about the “Point-of-Use Nano Sensing System for Early Disease Diagnosis.”This technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling early and precise disease detection, showcasing the profound impact of nanotechnology in medical sciences.

In conclusion, this edition encapsulates the vibrant and dynamic ecosystem of IIT Jodhpur. This is also a testament of unwavering commitment of IIT Jodhpur to make significant strides in research, innovation, and collaboration. We invite our readers to join us on this journey as we continue to push the boundaries of science and education, shaping a better future for society.

Debanjan Guha Roy
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil & Infrastructure Engineering
IIT Jodhpur
dguharoy@iitj.ac.in

Professor Avinash Kumar Agarwal assumes office as Director of IIT Jodhpur

Professor Avinash Kumar Agarwal assumes charge as the Director of Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT Jodhpur) on 1st May 2024. With a distinguished career spanning over decades, Professor Agarwal brings a wealth of experience and expertise in mechanical engineering, energy, and sustainability to his new role.

Professor Agarwal obtained his Undergraduate Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Malviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur, and further pursued his MTech and PhD from the esteemed Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.After completing his Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the ERC, UW, Madison, USA, he joined IIT Kanpur, where he made significant contributions to research and academia. Throughout his career, Professor Agarwal has demonstrated a keen interest in various research areas, including IC engines, combustion, alternative fuels, and emission control, among others. His extensive publication record, numerous awards, and prestigious fellowships reflect his commitment to excellence in engineering and innovation.

As the new Director of IIT Jodhpur, Professor Agarwal brings a vision of innovation, collaboration, and excellence. His mission is to further enhance the institute’s academic programs, establish new research centers, and promote a transdisciplinary research model that addresses key challenges aligned with the state and nation’s vision.

IIT Jodhpur and DRDO Inaugurate DIA-CoE for Cutting-edge Research Technology

Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur in collaboration with Defence Research and Development Organisation inaugurated the DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE). The DIA-CoE is poised to revolutionize interdisciplinary research and foster the next generation of innovators in defense technology through collaboration between academia, industry, and DRDO research labs.

The Center of Excellence will spearhead directed research in identified verticals, including Desert Warfare Technologies, Futuristic Omni Mobility Systems, and Artificial Intelligence for Information and Wargaming Technologies. Furthermore, it will undertake science and technology initiatives as identified by DRDO, heralding a new era of innovation and collaboration.

S. R. Ranganathan Learning Hub celebrates World Book & Copyright Day

                          Rajbhasha & Matrubhasha Books Exhibition                  

Expert talk by- K. Rama Patnaik on Navigating the Grey:

                                          Ex-ploring Copyright and Fair Use in the Digital Age                                                                                                               

UNESCO marked 23rd April as World Book & Copyright Day, which is a celebration to promote the enjoyment of books and reading. As per UNESCO, 23rd April being a symbolic date in world literature, commemorating the death anniversaries of several prominent authors, William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, it was a natural choice for UNESCO’s General Conference, held in Paris in 1995, to pay a world-wide tribute to books and authors on this date, encouraging everyone to access books. As UNESCO states - It is a day to recognize the scope of books as a link between the past and the future, a bridge between generations and across cultures. There are three major sectors of the book industry, (“book” commonly being referred to information contained in any form or format), namely, the publishers, booksellers and libraries. Whether it is the feel of a physical book in our hands, the convenience of an e-reader, or the accessibility of an audiobook, the power of the written word remains as vital and transformative as ever.

For books to be able to unleash their full potential, it is essential that they reflect the linguistic diversity of our world, in our institute in our specific context. Therefore, the S. R. Ranganathan Learning Hub, i.e., the library, exhibited the Rajbhasha & Matrubhasha Collection, which was initiated on the occasions of Hindi Diwas and Matrubhasha Diwas, respectively. Here are a few glimpses of the exhibition.

In addition, on this occasion the library hosted an online talk by Dr. K. Rama Patnaik, Librarian, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, on the topic “Navigating the Grey: Exploring Copyright and Fair Use in the Digital Age”, which was attended by students, faculty members and library staff members.

Important Collaborations/ Joint Ventures

                                    (i) MOU between IIT Jodhppur and CDTI Jaipur                               

(i) To spearhead Technology Mission, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur and Central Detective Training Institute Jaipur. The MOU aims to facilitate the exchange of expertise in technology upgradation and training, thereby enhancing research, consultancy, and educational standards.

(ii) MOU between IIT Jodhpur & Case Western University, USA

(ii) IIT Jodhpur and Case Western University, USA, have joined hands in a collaborative venture. An MoU was signed for development of joint educational and training programs, collaborative structures for research and doctoral student training, exchange programs for faculty and students, study abroad initiatives, joint supervision of Ph.D. scholars, and engaging in collaborative research projects, lectures, seminars, and symposia.

 (iii) IIT Jodhpur launched Master of Design program in collaboration with NIFT Jodhpur

(iii) IIT Jodhpur launched Master of Design program in collaboration with NIFT Jodhpur, this collaboration promises to redefine education at the intersection of fashion and engineering.

Events

(i) IIT Jodhpur and National Law University Jodhpur jointly organised workshop

(i) IIT Jodhpur and National Law University Jodhpur jointly organised workshop on “Emerging Challenges in Law and Technology” The workshop unveiled plans for a “Center for Law and Technology at IIT Jodhpur,” aimed at fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle modern challanges.

(ii) Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur organized a workshop on
“Millet Crop Patterns"

(ii) Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur organized a workshop on “Millet Crop Patterns, Productivity,Consumption, and Farmers’ income in Jodhpur and Jhunjhunu” conducted by the School of Management and Entrepreneurship, IIT Jodhpur. The workshop was held at the Arna Jhanrna, the Thar Desert Museumof Rajasthan, Moklawas, Rajasthan. The workshop aimed to explore the dynamics of millet crop patterns, productivity, consumption, and farmers’ income specifically in Jodhpur and Jhunjhunu districts.

(iii) IIT Jodhpur in collaboration with the University of Tulsa, USA

(iii) IIT Jodhpur in collaboration with the University of Tulsa, USA has organized 20th Annual IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics in New Delhi The conference is attended by prominent people from various investigative agencies including forensic labs, academicians, researchers, law enforcement personnel and government officials and participation from 15 countries.

(iv) IIT Jodhpur hosted an international symposium on chem-e-sorption

(iv) IIT Jodhpur hosted an international symposium on chem-e-sorption. The Chem-E-Sorption is a unique amalgamation of intriguing competitions, invited lectures from academia and industry, panel discussions,and other fun activities.

(v) In a landmark event held at the premises of the IIT Jodhpur

(v) In a landmark event held at the premises of the IIT Jodhpur, the institute celebrated the academic achievements of its brightest minds by awarding laptops to the top 20 JEE rankers from the batches of 2020, 2021,2022, and 2023.

Awards / Accolades

IIT Jodhpur has received the prestigious ESSCI National Eminence Award for Academic Eminence of the year in January 2024. This award has been conferred to IIT Jodhpur by Electronics Sector Skills Council of India (ESSCI) in partnership with the Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council (ESC), as a testament to thecontributions the institute has made to the industry and the society, reflecting the respect and admiration our peers and the industry hold for our exceptional accomplishments (as mentioned by the ESSCI while conferring this award).

Joint Programs in Medical Technologies (IITJ & AIIMSJ): Creating a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in an acad

Siddharth Srivastava

Imagine that on a Diwali eve, through all the revelry and flowing conversations, you were acutely aware of chest pain for the last three days, that refused to subside. However, with a history of acid reflux, recurring lung infections and a generous dose of wishful thinking, you avoided raising the alarm. No more, and the entire family got busy navigating the traffic, and labyrinths of hospital corridor while praying continuously. A doctor appeared who not just did ECG, hs troponin but also patiently asked about your family history, clinical information. It was indeed acid reflux and you trudged your way back to home. You filled the visitors and well-wishers with the harrowing stories of how you avoided last-minute disasters.

Two years later, a friend phoned and narrated a similar episode of pain in the chest, however, with a very different process of triage. She had an affordable iHeart kit; the moment her chest pain grew worrisome, she pulled out a patch from the kit and pasted it over her neck covering her carotid artery. The data of her ECG, BP, pulse rate, pO2 was sent to the nearest emergency center. An embedded AI algorithm continuously monitored ECG patterns ready to relay the danger of myocardial infarction to the clinic. She pulled out the troponin strip from iHeart bag and with a simple prick and strip, she processed the image within her cellphone using an App provided by iHeart. An elevated ST in ECG was detected, along with an elevated troponin.

Flashing of these data spurred a remote control & consulting room into action. An ambulance was sent to patient's current location while a doctor made a call to the oblivious patient to calm her through the impending process. As soon as the patient consult got over the phone, she was carried to the nearest cardiac super specialty center where she got an angioplasty done on her.   Her experience was so seamless that she was talking more about the whole process to her visitors rather than the travails of getting an angioplasty. Her experience was designed and crafted to the T by physicians and engineers together, rather Physicianeers. So much was the boundaries blurred between their expertise that the doctor would explain the AI algorithms and the Engineer glance the ECG and mark the areas depicting cardiac conditions…and you wouldn't know who is who.

IITJ-AIIMSJ MedTech Center is home to deeptech innovators and entrepreneurs, who deliver solutions to patients/ physicians through startups.

The joint center has created a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in an academic setting. This culture was created by faculty and students of the Joint MedTech program, around four ideas:

1. Diversity among students.

Diversity breeds innovation. Within the academic regulations, guide the student intake and shape a class through the philosophy that diversity in peer experiences, geography, and culture will accelerate disruptive thinking. Students of the Joint MedTech program are drawn from various engineering and medical disciplines, apart from four-year degree programs in sciences and pharmacy.

2. Identifying problems through immersion

Incorporate “problem identification through immersion” as an essential and major component of the curriculum. “Immersion” provides a comprehensive picture of the problem. A solution devised out of such an immersive experience is more likely to be accepted and utilized by stakeholders. Let students take ownership of problem identification and encourage/ guide their disruptive solution. For the joint program students, an elaborate semester-long clinical immersion is carried out where they have deep interactions with doctors, patients, visitors to AIIMSJ and its environment.

3. Link innovation to entrepreneurship. 

Entrepreneurship breeds further innovation beyond idea generation. It accelerates new innovations in building processes, business practices and policies to make a disruptive idea change lives. Students of joint MedTech program incubate their startups at TISC (IITJ incubator).

4. Academic experience laced with activities to practice innovation.

Innovation can be learned. Hackathons, ideation sessions, hands-on workshops on innovation, robust connections between research labs and incubators, and design thinking workshops will lead students to practice innovation in day-to-day life.

In four years of coming into being, the Joint Programs in Medical Technologies have given rise to 8 registered startups, 8 patents (submitted/ accepted), 4 BIRAC-BIG grants, 7 MSME grants, 8 DBT Biodesign fellowships, 5 research publications, 2 PMRF fellows. A small community of less than 70 students and associated faculty, organizes Indian Conference on MedTech Innovations (ICMI) every year. The conference is a melting pot of engineers, physicians, startup founders, and academic leaders that further feeds to the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship in the MedTech community of IITJ and AIIMSJ.

The joint program practices a relentless focus on activities besides traditional academics, that encourage students and faculty to innovate and for entrepreneurship. Not every experiment succeeds, however, without experiments and failures, there is no innovation either.

About the author

Siddharth Srivastava

Professor of Practice

Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, IIT Jodhpur

Science and Society in Linguistics

Gurujegan Murugesan

The study of languages consistently demonstrates a harmonious blend of science and society. The grammar, in particular, encodes principles that can only be deciphered under a scientific approach, and the principle itself is derived from the society of the speech community. Let us, for instance, consider the following abstract patterns in sentence A and sentence B.

In both sentences, there is both vertical and horizontal correlation in the occurrence of even numbers. In terms of the vertical correlation, whenever there are 2 and 4 in Sentence A, it corresponds to 6 and 8 in Sentence B. Similarly, in terms of horizontal correlation, 2 corresponds to 4 in Sentence A and 4 corresponds to 8 in Sentence B. Many languages, including English, exhibit this type of horizontal correlation, known as  agreement. As represented in the table below, the shape of the verb is dependent on the person and number of the subject. The 3SG subject ‘he’ determines the verb ‘likes’ in Sentence A, and the 3PL subject ‘they’ determines the verb ‘like’ in Sentence B. However, it should be noted that there is no deterministic relation from the object as represented in the table on the given below.

Hindi-Urdu:

Are there languages where agreement comes from the object? Hindi-Urdu is one such language where agreement comes from the object in the perfective aspect. When there are two objects in the sentence, Hindu-Urdu always prefers agreement from the direct object instead of the indirect object, as shown in (1).

Mundari:

Are there languages where agreement comes from indirect objects as well? An Austroasiatic language, Mundari, is one such language where agreement can also come from an indirect object, as shown in sentence (2). In (2), ‘you’ is the direct object and ‘me’ is the indirect object. As the highlighted square box shows, it is the indirect object that controls agreement in (2). Given the three languages that we have seen so far, the typological table given below clearly indicates an implicit entailment relationship.

If a language has an indirect object, it implies that the language also has subject and direct object agreement. Similarly, if a language has a direct object, it implies that it also has subject agreement. Therefore, among all the three languages, it is Mundari that seems to exhibit rich grammatical agreement. There is, however, one more reason why Mundari is special. As we've already observed in (2), the typical ditransitive construction has a single slot for agreement, which either the direct object or the indirect object can occupy. The choice between them is not random but determined by the person, and number scales. In the case of a person, it is always the 1st person that outranks the 2nd and 3rd person. Similarly, 2nd person outranks the 1st person. In the case of number, it is the Singular that outranks Plural and Dual and it is also the plural that outranks dual.

These principles that are discovered in Mundari are quite unique in nature, and they are only observed in a very handful of languages. However, no languages reported in the literature appear to follow the same pattern as Mundari. Thus, Mundari directly contributes to the general understanding of human languages. These discoveries are made possible only through engaging directly with the speech community in terms of data elicitation and fieldwork. Thus, fieldwork becomes an essential part of linguistics in order to discover the scientific principles that underlie the language.Thefollowing photographs are from the linguistics fieldwork among the Bishnoi and Bhil communities by the students ofHSL 7030 Sentence Structure, IIT Jodhpur.

 Linguistics fieldwork among the Bishnoi and Bhil communitiesby the students of HSL 7030 Sentence Structure, IIT Jodhpur.

About the author

Gurujegan Murugesan
Assistant Professor
School of Liberal Arts,
IIT Jodhpur
email: gurujeganm@iitj.ac.in

Copyright, Open Access, Open Licensing, & Open Educational Resources, Navigating Fair Use of Scholarly Resources

Kshema Prakash and Kamleshkumar J. Patel

In the realm of academia and research, the interplay between copyright, open access, open licensing, and open educational resources (OER) becomes a critical topic influencing the dissemination of knowledge and the accessibility of scholarly resources. As researchers, educators, and students navigate this landscape, understanding and abiding by the principles of FAIR use and Copyright Policy and its implications on the use of scholarly resources is paramount.

The relationship between copyright, open access, open licensing, and open educational resources (OER) is pivotal in academia and research, as it affects the availability of scholarly materials and the dissemination of knowledge. Researchers, educators, and students must comprehend the tenets of FAIR use policy and its implications regarding using scholarly resources as they traverse this terrain. 

Copyright and its Implications

What is copyright?

According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, “Copyright (or author’s right) is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture, and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps, and technical drawings” (Copyright, n.d.).

What kind of intellectual works can be protected using Copyright?

The following intellectual works come under the ambit of copyright:

1. Literary works encompassing several forms such as novels, poems, plays, reference works, and newspaper articles;
2. Computer programs and databases;
3. Films, musical compositions, and choreography;
4. Artistic works encompass several forms such as paintings, drawings, photographs, and sculpture;
5. Architecture; and
6. Advertisements, maps, and technical drawings. (Copyright, n.d.)

Copyright law protects the creators’ exclusive rights to their intellectual and original work. In academic perspective, it can protect scholarly articles, books, and other academic materials. Basically, these rights encompass reproduction, distribution, creation of derivatives works.

In the academic sphere, researchers mostly rely on accessing and using copyrighted materials to enhance their knowledge and make valuable contributions to their respective fields. However, the traditional model of subscription-based access to scientific literature might pose difficulties in terms of accessibility and pricing, thereby restricting the spread of knowledge to individuals with institutional affiliations or financial resources.

Copyright implication on e-works

Subba Rao (2003) highlighted that copyright owners of e-works impose authorization on its use. One may acquire and retain a single copy for their personal use only and this kind of use explicitly prohibits copying or reproduction, distribution, republishing and selling. This applies to the context of subscribed scholarly resources, too.

Since the academic and research activities that drive the scientific publications, whose research is publicly funded, scholars worldwide have been concerned and have been working towards making knowledge freely accessible and free from the traditional restrictions.

Open Access, Open Educational Resources and Open Licensing

To address the access related challenges of the scholarly publications, the concept of Open Access emerged as a plausible solution for the scientific community. The concept of Open Access was developed in 1991 to understand the necessity to facilitate scholarly knowledge-based communication without restrictions. There are three major initiatives of Open Access, where major statements and declarations on the principles of Open Access were made on three international platforms, giving rise to the ‘BBB definition’ of Open Access. They are - Budapest OA Initiative, Bethesda Statement on OA Publishing, and Berlin Declaration on OA, as initiated in the developed countries (Ghosh & Das, 2007).

What is Open Access?

The term ‘Open Access’ is defined by Peter Suber as “Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. OA removes price barriers (subscriptions, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and permission barriers (most copyright and licensing restrictions)” (Peter Suber, Open Access Overview (Definition, Introduction), n.d.).

The latest definition of Open Access by Budapest Open Access Initiative says – 

By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. (BOAI10 – Budapest Open Access Initiative, n.d.)

What are Open Educational Resources (OER)?

The definition given by UNESCO is – “Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning and research materials in any medium – digital or otherwise – that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions. OER forms part of ‘Open Solutions’, alongside Free and Open Source software (FOSS), Open Access (OA), Open Data (OD) and crowdsourcing platforms.” (UNESCO, 2017)

What is Open Licensing?

Open License is defined by the Open Knowledge Foundation as “… a document that specifies what can and cannot be done with work (whether sound, text, image or multimedia). It grants permissions and states restrictions. Broadly speaking, an open license grants permission to access, re-use and redistribute a work with few or no restrictions” (Guide to Open Licensing - Open Definition - Defining Open in Open Data, Open Content and Open Knowledge, n.d.).

Creative Commons licenses provide everybody, i.e., from individual originators to large organizations, a uniform way to permit the public authority to use their artistic work under copyright law (“About CC Licenses,” n.d.). Creative Commons licenses have been commonly used in Open Access Publishing and Open Educational Resources. There are six flavours and attributions of the Creative Commons as mentioned in the Fig. 1 on How to Attribute Creative Commons (Foter Blog, n.d.).

The traditional copyright is also applicable for OER, but the nature of copyright is replaced with Open Licensing like Creative Commons with some restriction. Open Licenses have emerged to protect the creator rights in a digital environment where the contents can be easily shared and copied without the creator’s permission (Guidelines for Open Educational Resources (OER) in Higher Education, 2011).

Open Access publications and Open Educational Resources are typically available online without financial, legal, or technical barriers, allowing researchers, learners, and educators globally to access and use the scholarly contents and learning objects without restrictions. There are various Open Access models to publish the scholarly contents in journals providing contents on both paid as well as open access basis.

Fair Use of Scholarly Resources

While on the one hand is copyright, which is a right to protect the creator of their intellectual work from unauthorized use or unlawful replication, on the other hand are the open access and open educational resources (OER). Although open access and OER provide viable alternatives to traditional subscription-based models, many researchers still depend on access to subscribed journal resources for their work. In such situations, fair use provisions within copyright law might be applicable, permitting limited use of copyrighted materials without requiring permission from the copyright holder.

The Indian Copyright Act, 1957, the Section 52(1) allows fair use of copyrighted work for research, teaching and learning purposes only, and not permissible for commercial use (Copyright Act, 1957, 1957). Please refer to the details of “Fair use exceptions for libraries under Indian Copyright Law” at BananaIP® (Reporter, 2017).

When considering fair use, it is important to take into account factors such as the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used, and the effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. Researchers should be careful and follow fair use guidelines when using subscribed journal resources for activities like criticism, commentary, research, and teaching.

Since a majority of the scholarly resources are published by global publishers, most of the contracts are governed by U.S. Copyright Law, or others as may be the case of applicability. However, libraries always indicate and inform the DO’s and DON’Ts of accessing scholarly resources to their users during their interactions, like orientation programs, focused group discussions, reference interviews, etc. Besides these, the libraries also conduct training sessions on fair and judicious use of scholarly resources subscribed them for their users. The highlights of such instructions are, as below:

The users are expected to honour and adhere to the copyright laws that rule the publishers/ consortia, and follow the copyright restrictions. Care should be taken not copy/ publish/ disseminate/ display/ perform, any copyrighted resource/ material, without obtaining prior permission from the copyright holder except when in accordance with fair use or licensed agreement.

Similarly, the journal resources are bound by ‘Licensing Restrictions’. Using these resources for other than the purposes of research, teaching, and private study, shall be construed as unlawful. Therefore, the users are expected to refrain from systematic downloading, copying or distributing of information, for commercial purpose or any other purposes.

Having discussed about copyright and fair use of scholarly resources, it is only natural to wind up the topic with plagiarism prevention. In simple words, plagiarism is using and presenting someone else’s ideas, work, writing, research etc. for their own purpose, and it is an offense. Therefore, a good practice would be to give credibility to the work of the original creators with proper citations. Libraries provide access to a range of writing support tools like reference managers, citation generators, and plagiarism detection software. It is always good to run the work for a plag-check for any intentional or unintentional plagiarism.

Conclusion

The convergence of copyright, open access, open licensing, and open educational resources carries important implications for researchers, educators, and students alike. Copyright laws provide legal protection for creators, while open access and OER initiatives encourage equal access to knowledge and encourage collaboration and innovation within the academic community. Understanding copyright regulations and practicing responsible scholarly behaviour are essential, especially, when using paid journal resources. By adopting the principles of transparency and equitable utilization, researchers can help create a more accessible and inclusive academic environment for future generations.

References

About CC Licenses. (n.d.). Creative Commons. Retrieved 21 October 2020, from https://creativecommons.org/about/cclicenses/

BOAI10 – Budapest Open Access Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved 6 May 2024, from https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/boai10/

Reporter, B. (2017, May 1). Fair use exceptions for libraries under Indian copyright law. BananaIP. https://www.bananaip.com/ip-news-center/fair-use-exceptions-libraries-indian-copyright-law/

Copyright. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 May 2024, from https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/index.html

Copyright Act, 1957. (1957). http://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1367

Ghosh, S. B., & Das, A. K. (2007). Open Access and institutional repositories-a developing country perspective: A case study of India. IFLA Journal, 33(3), 229–250.

Guide to Open Licensing—Open Definition—Defining Open in Open Data, Open Content and Open Knowledge. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 May 2024, from https://opendefinition.org/guide/

Guidelines for Open Educational Resources (OER) in Higher Education. (2011). Commonwealth of Learning (COL). http://oasis.col.org/handle/11599/60

How To Attribute Creative Commons Photos – Foter Blog. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 June 2020, from https://foter.com/blog/how-to-attribute-creative-commons-photos/

Peter Suber, Open Access Overview (definition, introduction). (n.d.). Retrieved 4 May 2024, from http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm

Subba Rao, S. (2003). Copyright: Its implications for electronic information. Online Information Review, 27(4), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684520310489050

UNESCO. (2017, July 20). Open Educational Resources (OER). UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies/oer

Securing Secrets with Light: Quantum Key Distribution and Side Channel Attacks

Pragya Kushwaha

Introduction:

Imagine a communication channel where eavesdropping not only leaves a trace but literally destroys the message. This is the promise of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), a method that harnesses the quirky laws of quantum mechanics to establish ultra-secure cryptographic keys. Unlike traditional cryptography reliant on complex math problems [1], QKD boasts provable security rooted in the fundamental principles of physics [2]. However, this futuristic technology faces challenges, one of which is side channel attacks. These attacks use information leaks from the physical implementation of a system, rather than attempting to break the underlying mathematical code [3]. In the context of QKD, this could involve eavesdroppers trying to steal information by monitoring.

Side Channel Attacks:

While protocols like BB84 [4] assume ideal transmitter and receiver devices, building perfect single-photon sources and detectors is practically challenging. Due to inherent limitations in physical devices, such as discrepancies in wavelengths, pulse widths, and the arrival times of photons, these systems become susceptible to side-channel attacks [5-8]. Subtle variations in light pulses carrying quantum information could potentially reveal insights to the key for an attacker [9]. Precise timing of signal transmission or reception could leak bits of the key [10-11].

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a free-space BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system. At transmitter side four Laser Diodes (LD) are used to generate light pulses of four different polarization for encoding quantum information. At the receiver side four single photon detectors (SPD) are used to detect single photon. Polarization Beam Splitter (PBS): Separates light based on its polarization state. Beam Splitter (BS): Splits a light beam into two paths. Half Wave Plate (HWP): Controls the polarization state of light. Attenuator (Attn.): Reduces the intensity of a light beam.

Our recent research exemplifies this challenge [12]. By characterizing four laser diodes in a practical QKD transmitter (Figure 1), we demonstrate the practical challenges of achieving ideal, indistinguishable wavelength peaks (Figure 2). This device-to-device variability creates a potential information leakage to an eavesdropper (Eve).

Figure 2: (a) Laser beam power measurement setup (b) Measured optical spectrum of four pulsed laser diodes: H-Horizontally polarized photon beam with peak power at 784.39 nm, V-Vertically polarized photon beam with peak power at 784.48 nm. D-Diagonally polarized photon beam with peak power at 784.30 nm, AD-Anti-Diagonally polarized photon beam with peak power at 784.35 nm [12]

Solutions to Side Channel Attacks:

Ongoing research in QKD heavily focuses on addressing these side-channel vulnerabilities [13]. By combining advancements in device design, randomization techniques, and secure protocols, scientists are working towards making QKD a practical and robust solution for ultra-secure communication in the quantum age. Our work [12] further contributes to this effort by proposing a method for calculating a secure key generation rate that incorporates the potential information leakage to an eavesdropper (Eve) during the process (see Figure 3). This approach helps maintaining a secure quantum communication by adjusting the key generation rate to compensate for information loss.

Figure 3: Key generation rate versus quantum bit error rate characteristics (log scale). The red color curve shows the key generation rate for ideal QKD transmitter. Blue color curve shows key generation rate for practical QKD transmitter [12].

Conclusion:

It's important to note that QKD is not a standalone solution. It excels at generating secure keys but doesn't handle data transmission itself. The actual messages are still encrypted using traditional methods with the QKD-generated key. Additionally, QKD systems are currently expensive and have limitations on transmission distance due to signal degradation in optical fibers [14]. Despite these challenges, QKD holds immense potential for securing critical communication infrastructure in areas like finance, government, and national defense. As research continues, QKD has the potential to revolutionize the way we share sensitive information in a world increasingly threatened by cyberattacks.

References:

1. Solis Tech. 2016. Cryptography & Hacking. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, SC, USA.
2. Gérard G. Emch, “Quantum Statistical Physics”, In Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Physics, North-Holland, Pages 1075-1182, ISSN 18789846, 2007
3. Dongjun Park, GyuSang Kim, Donghoe Heo, Suhri Kim, HeeSeok Kim, Seokhie Hong, “Single trace side-channel attack on key reconciliation in quantum key distribution system and its efficient countermeasures”, ICT Express, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 36-40, ISSN 2405-9595, 2021.
4. C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, “Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing,” Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 560, pp. 7–11, dec 2014.
5. H. Ko, B.-S. Choi, J.-S. Choe, K.-J. Kim, J.-H. Kim, and C. J. Youn, “Critical side channel effects in random bit generation with multiple semiconductor lasers in a polarization-based quantum key distribution system,” Opt. Express, vol. 25, no. 17, pp. 20 045–20 055, Aug 2017.
6. S. Nauerth, M. Frst, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, and H. Weinfurter, “Information leakage via side channels in free space BB84 quantum cryptography,” New Journal of Physics, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 065001, Jun 2009. 
7. M. Rau, T. Vogl, G. Corrielli, G. Vest, L. Fuchs, S. Nauerth, and H. Weinfurter, “Spatial Mode Side Channels in Free-Space QKD Implementations,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 187–191, 2015.
8. A. Park, K.-A. Shim, N. Koo, and D.-G. Han, “Side-channel attacks on postquantum signature schemes based on multivariate quadratic equations,” IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, no. 3, p. 500-523, 2018.
9. B.-Y. Sim, J. Kwon, K. Y. Choi, J. Cho, A. Park, and D.-G. Han, “Novel Side-Channel Attacks on Quasi-Cyclic Code-Based Cryptography,” IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, no. 4, p. 180-212, 2019.
10. Lydersen, Lars et.al., “Superlinear threshold detectors in quantum cryptography”, Phys. Rev. A, volume 84, issue 3,  pages 032-320, pp. 7, year 2011
11. Bing Qi, Chi-Hang Fred Fung, Hoi-Kwong Lo, and Xiongfeng Ma. 2007. Time-shift attack in practical quantum cryptosystems. Quantum Info. Comput. 7, 1 (January 2007), 73–82.
12. Kushwaha, P., Jain, A., Varma, P. et al. Impact of BB84 QKD transmitter’s parameter mismatch on secure key generation rate. Photonic Network Communications, February 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-023-01010-3
13. D. Gottesman, H.-K. Lo, N. Lutkenhaus, and J. Preskill, “Security of quantum key distribution with imperfect devices,” in International Symposium on Information Theory, 2004. ISIT 2004. Proceedings., p. 136, 2002.
14. Diamanti, E., Lo, HK., Qi, B. et al. Practical challenges in quantum key distribution. npj Quantum Inf 2, 16025 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/npjqi.2016.25

H2O2 Fuel Cell: A Prospective Future Energy Alternative

Nisha Kamboj and Ramesh K. Metre

The high dependency of mankind on fossil fuels-based energy has exposed the planet Earth to an unacceptable environmental crisis (with enhanced CO2 emissions) leading to the sudden climate change consequences. Apart from climate change, the current metrics state that mankind is on the verge of running out of fossil fuels by the end of the 21st century due to rapid population and economic growth, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the present global and environmental concerns require renewable and clean energy feedstocks. Recently, hydrogen has emerged as one of the important alternatives to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, as it can be converted into energy without emitting harmful gases such as CO2. However, the storage and transportation of hydrogen have been one of the major concerns due to its inherent explosive nature. Also, due to the low volumetric energy density, a very high pressure is required to store hydrogen in liquid form. 

On the other hand, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has gained prominent interest as a self-sufficient energy source. H2O2 can be easily generated from water in the presence of oxygen and sunlight. Thus produced H2O2 can generate electricity in a fuel cell giving only water and oxygen as the byproducts. Therefore, H2O2 can be foreseen as an ideal alternative to fossil fuel or hydrogen-based energy. It has a very high volumetric energy density and a theoretical output potential of 1.09 V, which is quite close to the hydrogen fuel cell (1.23 V). Moreover, H2O2 fuel cells are one-compartment fuel cells, since H2O2 serves the role of both oxidant and fuel, avoiding the requirement of any expensive membrane separator. Furthermore, H2O2 is a liquid fuel (stable at room temperature) that can be easily stored and transported in dark containers. 

In natural systems, the FeIII/FeII redox couple in Fe(III) hydrogenase enzyme carries out the reduction of H2O2, prompting scientists to develop various Fe(III)-based complexes for preparing suitable cathode material for H2O2 fuel cells.1 Applying a similar methodology, Yamada et al. prepared the first Fe(III)-based cathode material, Iron(III)-phthalocyanine and -porphyrin derivatives, yielding an OCP (open circuit potential) of 0.5 V in a one-compartment fuel cell operated at acidic pH.1 Later, various other mononuclear Fe-based complexes were employed as cathode materials in a one-compartment H2O2 fuel cell, where a maximum value of 1.43 mW cm-2 for PPD (peak power density) using an Iron(III) phenalenyl, Fe(PLY)3, complex was achieved.2,3 

To improvise the power output of Fe-based cathode materials, we prepared two novel dinuclear Fe(III) complexes, [Fe2(hmbh-PLY)3] and [Fe2(hnmh-PLY)3], [hmbh-PLYH2 = (E)-9-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazineyl)-1H-phenalen-1-one); hnmh-PLYH2 = (E)-9-(2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)hydrazineyl)-1H-phenalen-1-one)].4,5 These complexes were prepared from redox-interesting phenalenyl-derived ligands, known for their potential to act as redox reservoirs in chemical reactions. Further, both these complexes, [Fe2(hmbh-PLY)3] and [Fe2(hnmh-PLY)3], containing two Fe-centres were able to efficiently catalyze the H2O2 reduction in comparison to the previously reported mononuclear Fe(III) complexes. As a result of an efficient H2O2 reduction, an OCP of 0.65 V and a very high peak power density (PPD) of 2.41 mW cm-2, and 2.84 mW cm-2 was achieved in a fuel cell designed using [Fe2(hmbh-PLY)3] and [Fe2(hnmh-PLY)3] cathodes, corresponding to Ni anode in 0.1 M HCl electrolyte, respectively.

References

(1) Yamada, Y.; Yoshida, S.; Honda, T.; Fukuzumi, S. Protonated Iron-Phthalocyanine Complex Used for Cathode Material of a Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell Operated under Acidic Conditions. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4 (8), 2822–2825. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01587g.

(2) Wang, S.; Ye, D.; Liu, Z.; Zhu, X.; Chen, R.; Liao, Q.; Yang, Y.; Liu, H. A Flexible On-Fiber H2O2 Microfluidic Fuel Cell with High Power Density. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2022, 47 (7), 4793–4803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.079.

(3) Pariyar, A.; Vijaykumar, G.; Bhunia, M.; Dey, S. K.; Singh, S. K.; Kurungot, S.; Mandal, S. K. Switching Closed-Shell to Open-Shell Phenalenyl: Toward Designing Electroactive Materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 (18), 5955–5960. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b00272.

(4) Kamboj, N.; Dey, A.; Birara, S.; Majumder, M.; Sengupta, S.; Metre, R. K. Designing One-Compartment H2O2 Fuel Cell Using Electroactive Phenalenyl-Based [Fe2(Hnmh-PLY)3] Complex as the Cathode Material. Dalt. Trans. 2024. Advance Article.  https://doi.org/10.1039/D4DT00134F.

(5) Kamboj, N.; Dey, A.; Lama, P.; Majumder, M.; Sengupta, S.; Metre, R. K. Closed-Shell Phenalenyl-Based Dinuclear Iron(III) Complex as a Robust Cathode for One-Compartment H2O2 Fuel Cell. Dalt. Trans. 2023. 52, 17163-17175. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DT02975A.

About the authors

Nisha Kamboj

Ph.D. Student, Department of Chemistry

Email:  kamboj.4@iitj.ac.in

Dr. Ramesh K. Metre

Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry

Email: rkmetre@iitj.ac.in

Beating graphene’s universal conductivity

Palash Saha & B. M. Krishna Mariserla

Graphene ̶ a strong material, thin and flexible, could revolutionize everything from smartphones to solar panels. A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice makes graphene as thin as a single atom. Its potential drives scientists to harness its properties for practical applications; to accomplish it requires delving into the complex world of physics. Graphene is not just like any other material but a playground for electrons. These are the fundamental particles that make up the world of electricity and magnetism, allowed to create the electrical and electronic devices we use daily. In most materials, electrons move predictably. However, graphene is exceptional; its electrons can behave unexpectedly, especially when exposed to light or heat. The extraordinary inherent quantum behavior of monolayer graphene has sparked significant intrigue in both linear and nonlinear optics. Its symmetrical cone configuration is pivotal in fostering ambipolar behavior, guiding a notable increase in carrier density observed in suspended and encapsulated graphene. This stands in stark contrast to semiconductors, where specific quasi-particles dominate the transport phenomena. Graphene's charge carriers, devoid of rest mass, exhibit traits reminiscent of relativistic entities, showcasing an effective velocity on par with the speed of light. These distinctive properties made graphene exhibit exceptional universal conductivity.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

In our journey to unlock graphene's mysteries, we focused on its electron behavior when interacting with light, which is influenced by many factors, including temperature and impurities. Another fascinating aspect of graphene is its ability to interact with light when it is doped. This could lead to innovations, from improving the display of devices to developing new ways of detecting light for cameras or sensors. Our research shows that as we tune the doping conditions, how graphene responds to light gets even more interesting. It challenges our traditional understanding of how materials behave. It opens up new possibilities for designing electronics that could make our gadgets faster, more efficient, and capable of doing things we've only dreamed of.

Fig.1: Dirac Cone in monolayer graphene has continuous intraband and interband transport processes. Solid arrows represent intraband scattering events while the dashed arrows are for interband scattering events.

Scattering matters

In our recent research article in Phys. Rev. B [1], we delve into how scattering in graphene alters electron movement. This is important because it helps us understand how graphene can conduct electricity or interact with light in novel ways, potentially leading to breakthroughs in creating ultra-fast electronic devices or new types of solar panels. One key aspect we examine is the relaxation time—the brief moment electrons take to calm down after being excited by light. This tiny interval is crucial for understanding how graphene can be used in real-world applications, like faster and more efficient electronic devices. Diving into the heart of graphene's unique properties, particularly its electron dynamics, uncovers some intriguing behaviors, especially near the Dirac points [2]—zones where the material's electronic properties take on a special significance. Here, electrons can either leap between different energy bands (interband motion) or move within a single band (intraband motion), as shown in Figure 1. 

It is essential to know what happens when there are obstacles in the electrons' path (finite scattering), looking at the material as if it were divided into independent sections for simplicity. We use specific scattering rates from previous experimental observations to make our investigation more real-world conditions. These rates help us understand how often electrons are getting scattered in different scenarios.

Semiconductor Bloch equation

A widely used semiclassical tool called the Semiconductor Bloch equation (SBE) [3], provides a more effective means of calculating optical conductivity in semiconductors and two-dimensional crystals. Derived from the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the SBE offers significant advantages in solving out-of-equilibrium problems. Studies employing the SBE have revealed diverse optical phenomena, including linear and nonlinear optical conductivity in doped monolayer graphene, both with and without scattering. Since the early twentieth century, researchers have already investigated DC current-induced second harmonic generation and other effects at zero temperature, as well as third harmonic generation and optical Kerr effect in monolayer and bilayer graphene. Numerical simulations have been instrumental in elucidating various optical responses in graphene, including intraband and interband currents under applied electric fields, as well as linear and nonlinear terahertz responses in undoped suspended bilayer graphene. While previous studies have primarily focused on nonlinear relaxation rates to investigate higher-order optical phenomena, there is a growing recognition of the importance of considering equal rates for different orders to understand anomalous linear optical responses.

In this study, we explore the linear optical response of monolayer graphene through the SBE framework, enhanced with many-particle approximations across various doping levels. Utilizing the length gauge in the equation of motion alongside the density matrix [4]—a technique widely employed in optical studies—allows us to scrutinize different optical characteristics. Our analysis incorporates a range of scattering mechanisms via phenomenological relaxation parameters within an adapted SBE model, from which we derive the conductivity response based on the first-order density matrix that includes intra- and inter-band contributions.

Results

Optical conductivity helps us understand graphene behavior under different conditions. When we only think about electrons jumping between bands (interband scattering), it changes how graphene responds to light, moving it away from acting like a typical metal. This is where the concept of the Drude response comes in, which is a way to describe how free electrons contribute to a material's conductivity. When we consider the effects of electrons scattering within the same band (intraband scattering), we notice something interesting: new optical responses emerged. Despite the inevitable interband transitions and their effects, focusing on intraband scattering reveals suppression of the Drude response and the appearance of new peaks in the conductivity. This happens in a specific part of the graphene's response spectrum, showing that graphene's conductivity can exceed a commonly accepted standard value of universal conductivity under certain conditions. 

Fig.2: The optical response for higher intraband scattering in monolayer graphene jumps above the conventional universal conductivity response (dashed line). This surplus is shown for doping concentrations from 0.10 eV to 0.40 eV but it is more prominent for low doping levels.

This increase is largely due to intraband scattering's dominance, and this behavior is consistent across different levels of doping, though the intensity of these new conductivity peaks disappear as doping increases. Interestingly, these peaks only appear after a certain amount of doping, indicating the opening of a bandgap which allows existing of bound charge carriers. Below this doping level, the free carrier Drude response is more prominent. Our findings are in line with experimental results from other researchers, where specific conditions, like applying an external voltage, change the way graphene's conductivity curve looks. The calculations show a sharp change in the optical response at a certain energy level corresponds to a peak in the conductivity curve. This indicates that neutral quasi-particles (particles that are neither positively nor negatively charged) are playing a significant role in changing graphene's properties under these conditions, competing with other mechanisms to create unique optical behaviors.

By examining how light and electrons interact in graphene, especially when considering different kinds of scattering and doping levels, we uncover beating graphene’s universal conductive with low doping. This not only helps us understand graphene's potential in various applications but also aligns with experimental observations [5], offering a deeper look into the fascinating world of graphene conductivity.

Fig.2: (a) THG (Third Harmonic Generation): Process where three photons combine to create a single photon with triple the frequency of the original photons, effectively changing the light's color. (b) PFC (Parametric Frequency Conversion): Process where two photons of the same frequency interact with a material to produce two new photons, each with different frequencies, changing the original light characteristics.

Non-linear regime

 Due to the centrosymmetric nature of undoped graphene, the second harmonic generation is nullified. Thus, the first nonzero non-linearity which comes is the third order nonlinear terms. Imagine shining a flashlight into a special kind of mirror, and instead of the light simply bouncing back, the mirror changes the light's color to something completely different. This is somewhat akin to what happens in Third Harmonic Generation (THG) - a fascinating phenomenon in the world of optics and the science of light. There's another process like THG called Parametric Frequency Conversion (PFC) [6]. PFC also involves photons coming together, but this time, the outcome is a bit different. Two photons are pumped in, just like in THG, but a third, "signal" photon has its own unique frequency. When these photons meet in the right material, they produce a new "idler" photon with yet another different frequency. We carried out the exploration on an undoped graphene.

Fig.3: The (a) Real and (b) Imaginary Parametric Frequency conversion graphs with third order coefficients are shown with respect to signal frequency (w) for two particular pump frequencies (wp=1.6 and 1.8). The coefficients are dependent on all 3 frequencies   (-w, wp, wp) and can be written in terms of the idler frequency (wt=2wp- w).

In this PFC or Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing, divergences in the material's response become pronounced when the imaginary parts diverge as the signal frequency approaches zero, highlighting a sensitivity to low frequencies, and the real parts diverge as the signal frequency nears twice the pump frequency indicating resonance effects that can enhance or alter the optical process. Other logarithmic divergences at especially w=1.6 and 2 can ensure a better idler frequency range.

Conclusion

In our recent study, we explore how graphene behaves when exposed to light, shedding more insight on its unique light-matter interaction characteristics and how they can be tailored. Our exploration into graphene's behavior under various conditions not only broadens our understanding of this remarkable material but also paves the way for future technological advancements. By studying how light interacts with graphene and how temperature affects its electrons, we are taking significant steps toward harnessing graphene's full potential. The journey of discovering graphene's capabilities is an exciting one, filled with challenges but also immense possibilities for innovation in electronics and beyond.

References

[1] Palash Saha & B. M. Krishna Mariserla, Phys. Rev. B, 109, 125428 (2024)

[2] P. R. Wallace, The Band Theory of Graphite, Phys. Rev. 71, 622 (1957).

[3] Claudio Aversa and J. E. Sipe, Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of semiconductors: Results with a length-gauge analysis, Phys. Rev. B 52, 14636 (1995).

[4] U. Fano, Description of States in Quantum Mechanics by Density Matrix and Operator Techniques, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 74 (1957).

[5] Z. Q. Li, E. A. Henriksen, Z. Jiang, Z. Hao, M. C. Martin, P. Kim, H. L. Stormer, and D. N. Basov, Dirac charge dynamics in graphene by infrared spectroscopy, Nature Phys. 4, 532 (2008).

[6] J. Tucker, D.F. Walls, Quantum theory of parametric frequency conversion, Ann. Phys. 52 (1969)

About the Authors:

Palash Saha,

M.Sc. Project Student

Ultrafast Physics Group, Department of Physics

(Currently joined as a Ph.D. student at 

AGH University of Krakow, Poland)

Dr. B. M. Krishna Mariserla

Assistant Professor

Ultrafast Physics Group, Department of Physics

Point-of-Use Nano Sensing System for Early Disease Diagnosis

Sarvar Singh, Prachi Soni, Sambit Kumar Keshi, Sushmita Jha, Ajay Agarwal

Introduction

Early and proactive disease diagnosis may be life-saving in cases of many diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, tuberculosis etc. due to timely intervention and precision therapeutics improving the overall treatment outcomes [1], [2], [3], [4]. The early detection and timely intervention not only prevent the disease from progressing but also reduce the economic and social burden of the disease. For achieving early diagnosis, the main factor is the good sensitivity of the diagnostic tests. Before the physiological indicators start appearing for a disease, some biochemical indicators of the disease are observed in the body. In early stages of a disease, the indicators or biomarkers to be detected in various samples such as blood, saliva, sweat, urine etc. are in very low or trace level concentrations [5]. Currently, there are some methods for disease biomarkers detection such Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Electrochemical Sensors etc. but these methods have limitations such as high cost, lack of sensitivity/ specificity and large turnaround time [6], [7]. Due to these limitations, alternative techniques for rapid and selective detection of disease biomarkers are needed. Raman spectroscopy is a highly selective technique for molecular identification as provides a unique ‘fingerprint’ spectral signal for the analyte molecules but the conventional Raman spectroscopy requires a bulk sample for generation of a readable signal. Therefore, the conventional Raman spectroscopy is not suitable for trace level molecular detection as required in the case of disease biomarkers. To overcome this limitation, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) technique is used which is capable of detecting trace level molecules in a sample [8].

SERS is a powerful technique for the identification of trace-level molecules, as it significantly enhances the Raman signal, of trace analytes present in the localized surface plasmonic region (LSPR) of metal nanoparticles (NPs). These metallic NPs form basic part of the SERS substrates which are either liquid (i.e. colloids) or solid (chip-based). The solid SERS chips are preferred over colloids for analyte detection as provide better repeatability [8]. We have developed highly sensitive SERS chips in-house which have exhibited excellent enhancement for various test molecules such as Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, biomarkers in controlled samples etc.

                                      Fig.1 Portable Raman Spectrometer (left), SERS chip mounted on a glass
                                      slide (inset) and FESEM image of the surface of SERS nanosensor with
                                                                                Silver Nanoparticles

Fig.1 shows the sensing system (left) with the SERS-based nanosensor (inset). The analyte sample, preferably in the liquid form, is dropped onto the nanosensor which contains an array of silver nanoparticles (right). The gaps between these nanoparticles have high electromagnetic field called ‘hotspot’ region of the nanosensor. The Raman signal of analyte present in the hotspot region enhances up to 7-8 orders of magnitude which is collected and analyzed through the portable Raman sensing setup. This arrangement enables a rapid, ultrasensitive and point-of-use detection of trace biomarkers present in different body fluids such as blood, saliva, sweat etc. 

Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers: Cytokines play an important role in the immune system and inflammation and their measurement is used in monitoring the immune response, disease diagnosis and prognosis [9]. The cytokine profiling also contributes to the concept of precision medicine and targeted therapeutics. Currently, most widely used techniques for cytokine detection are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These methods are reliable but highly time-consuming, requiring trained personnel and long sample preparation times (over 6h). The developed nano sensing system has been reported to be helpful in rapid detection of cytokines. The work was presented at IEEE Applied Sensing Conference (APSCON), 2023 [10]. Firstly, SERS nano sensors were realized using a solution-processing method. The nano sensors were tested for their SERS characteristics using a model molecule Rhodamine B as shown in Fig.2 (a). 1 µM concentration of RhB solution in DI water was dropped on to the nanosensor and Raman spectra was acquired at different spots to check the repeatability in the signal. After that, different stock solutions of lyophilized cytokines i.e. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were prepared and stored in -80 oC freezer. The concentration of the stock solutions of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were 38 pg/ml, 70 pg/ml and 35 pg/ml respectively. A droplet with 1-2 µL of the solution was put on to the SERS nanosensor and dried in air for two minutes. After that, the samples were analyzed using a Bayspec Raman spectrometer with 532 nm laser wavelength. The SERS spectra of the model molecule and the cytokine samples is shown in Fig.2. 

                              Fig.2 (a) Raman spectra of model molecule (RhB) on bare Si and SERS nanosensor at different                                                             locations of the sensor; (b) SERS spectra of TNF-α, (c) IL-1β and (d) IL-6 Reprinted from[10]

The detection of cytokines using SERS may pave the way for quick detection of inflammation in the body for timely intervention. The initial results are encouraging and more follow-up studies will be undertaken to explore the technique for clinical settings. 

Sweat Analysis for Evidence Based Ayurvedic Diagnosis: SERS based nano sensing system was also explored for sweat analysis based on the principles of Ayurveda[11]. The molecules present in the sweat samples contain important information about the health condition of the individual and have been shown to be useful for evidence based Ayurvedic diagnosis. In the work, the SERS spectra of sweat samples was reported highlighting the possibility to monitor the physiological changes in the body according to ‘tridosha’ system of Ayurveda. The work is an attempt to reduce the gap between the ancient understanding of human health through and the modern technology. Generally, the physiological concentration of metabolites and biomolecules such as Glucose, uric acid, urea and ascorbic acid found in sweat is 0.11x10−3 M, 24.5x10−6 M and 22.2x10−3 M respectively. Any change in these concentrations may be used to monitor the prakriti deviation of an individual in Ayurvedic system. Fig.3 shows the association of three basic ‘doshas’ or ‘tridoshas’ with the different parts of the body along with the representative Raman spectrum of sweat sample as reported in the previous work.

    Fig.3 (a) Schematic of Physiological presence of Tridoshas and (b) SERS spectra of sweat sample. Reprinted from [11]

Through detection of biomolecules and metabolites in the sweat sample, an evidence based prakriti analysis of an individual can be performed. So far, the prakriti analysis in Ayurvedic system has been through subjective analysis such as questionnaire, verbal dialogue or visual inspection by the Ayurvedic practitioner. The SERS based analysis is expected to bring objectivity in the prakriti analysis in future.

Other Applications: The SERS-based nanosensing system has shown promising results for trace level molecular detection for different applications. We recently reported suitability of the nano sensing system for trace pesticides detection in food samples such as honey [12]. There is an ongoing work on early detection of invasive fungal infections, tuberculosis and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the platform. Further, the technique can also be extended to other applications such as environmental monitoring, explosives detection, toxic elements detection in water etc.

References:

[1] T. Chan and F. Gu, “Early diagnosis of sepsis using serum biomarkers,” Expert Rev Mol Diagn, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 487–496, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1586/erm.11.26.

[2] W. Hamilton, F. M. Walter, G. Rubin, and R. D. Neal, “Improving early diagnosis of symptomatic cancer,” Nat Rev Clin Oncol, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 740–749, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.109.

[3] R. Ambady and S. Chamukuttan, “Early diagnosis and prevention of diabetes in developing countries,” Rev Endocr Metab Disord, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 193, Sep. 2008, doi: 10.1007/s11154-008-9079-z.

[4] D. W. Connell, M. Berry, G. Cooke, and O. M. Kon, “Update on tuberculosis: TB in the early 21st century,” European Respiratory Review, vol. 20, no. 120, pp. 71–84, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1183/09059180.00000511.

[5] J. K. Aronson and R. E. Ferner, “Biomarkers—A General Review,” Curr Protoc Pharmacol, vol. 76, no. 1, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1002/cpph.19.

[6] J. M. Campbell et al., “Diagnostic test accuracy,” Int J Evid Based Healthc, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 154–162, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000061.

[7] K. Shah and P. Maghsoudlou, “Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): the basics,” Br J Hosp Med, vol. 77, no. 7, pp. C98–C101, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.12968/hmed.2016.77.7.C98.

[8] B. Sharma, R. R. Frontiera, A.-I. Henry, E. Ringe, and R. P. Van Duyne, “SERS: Materials, applications, and the future,” Materials Today, vol. 15, no. 1–2, pp. 16–25, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(12)70017-2.

[9] S. Kany, J. T. Vollrath, and B. Relja, “Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 20, no. 23, p. 6008, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.3390/ijms20236008.

[10] B. Akilandeshwari, S. Singh, A. Agarwal, and S. Jha, “Rapid Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,” in 2023 IEEE Applied Sensing Conference (APSCON), IEEE, Jan. 2023, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/APSCON56343.2023.10101191.

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Authors:

Mr Sarvar Singh,

PhD Scholar,Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Jodhpur

Ms Prachi Soni

PhD Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Jodhpur

Mr Sambit Kumar Keshi

PhD Scholar, MedTech Program, IITJ-AIIMS Jodhpur

Prof Sushmita Jha,

Professor, Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, IIT Jodhpur

Prof Ajay Agarwal

Professor and Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Jodhpur

IIT Jodhpur’s iHUB Drishti Foundation partners with Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts to preserve India’s Rich

iHUB Drishti Foundation at Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT Jodhpur) has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), New Delhi, to preserve India’s rich cultural heritage for future generations. The MoU was signed by Prof. Santanu Chaudhury, Chairman, iHub Drishti Foundation & Director, IIT Jodhpur, and Prof. Ramesh C Gaur, HoD, Kalanidhi, IGNCA, New Delhi in the presence of Dr. Sachchidanand Joshi, Member Secretary, IGNCA.
The collaboration between IHUB Drishti Foundation and IGNCA aims to digitize manuscripts, books, and historical documents held by IGNCA, thereby ensuring their preservation, accessibility, and utilization in the digital age. IGNCA boasts a significant collection of valuable resources, including books, manuscripts, and historical documents archived in microfilm, spanning various Indian languages. One of the primary objectives is to digitize these microfilms and make them searchable and accessible online. The MoU outlines the scope of collaboration between the two institutions, which includes collaborative research and development in digitization and preservation of cultural artifacts. The collaboration will be carried out in two phases:
• Phase 1 will focus on collaborative research and development,
• While Phase 2 will involve an assessment mechanism at the end of Phase 1 to evaluate progress and plan future activities.

Through this partnership, IHUB Drishti Foundation and IGNCA aim to leverage their expertise and resources to preserve and promote India’s cultural heritage for future generations. The collaboration between IHUB Drishti Foundation and IGNCA exemplifies the power of interdisciplinary partnerships in leveraging technology for the preservation of cultural heritage.